All of the processes, both physical and chemical, which food must undergo to be prepared for absorption.

 

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1. Lips - more important than you think. Prehensile in some species. Lips of the sheep generated huge animosity between cowboys and shepherds of the old West.
2. Teeth
3. Tongue (could you eat and swallow without yours?)
4. Salivary glands

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The crop could be considered just a wide spot in the esophagus, for storage. If a bird swallows a worm and takes it back to a nest, it resides temporarily in the crop.

 

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Storage (don't minimize it's importance, imagine being without any storage capacity. Digestion (but not the whole source of digestion)

 

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Esophageal Cardiac Fundic

 

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HCl activates pepsinogen into pepsin It also does some digestion itself.

 

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Pepsin digests proteins from giant molecules to smaller fragments.

 
 

Lipase digests fats

 
 

Rennin in the stomach of young animals coagulates milk.

 

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Mucin protects the stomachs lining.

 

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Rumen - where all the bacteria are and fermentation takes place Reticulum - "Honeycomb" - collects 'trash' Omasum - "Valve" restricting passage of large pieces and reabsorbs water. Reticulum - "True Stomach" - just like enzymatic stomach of non-ruminant.

 

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Bacteria Digest cellulose Convert N into bacterial protein Manufacture B Vitamins

 

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The fermentation products of carbohydrates are acetic and propionic acids.

 

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	Summary of Rumen Action
	CHO	Fermented into Acetic Acid and Propionic Acid
	Proteins	Torn apart and the components used by bacteria to build their own amino acids that are then reassembled into bacterial protein.
	Fats	Not a lot happens to fat in the rumen, so ruminants don't usually consume too much fat.
	B-Vitamins	Get manufactured in excess by the bacteria
	Fat Soluble Vitamins	Must be supplied in the diet
	Minerals	Must be supplied in the diet

 

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Duodenum - first section, and most active digestion Jejunum - middle section Ileum - last section

 

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Bile is produced in the liver, and stored in the gall bladder (for those animals that have one; not all do). Bile emulsifies fats, so that the enzyme lipase can get at the fat to digest it. Emulsifying it is acting on it to get it into solution (or nearly so), much like detergent does..

 

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Pancreatic exocrine secretions (those moving down ducts) Sodium carbonate and bicarbonate and the enzymes: Pancreatic amylase Pancreatic lipase Pancreatic amylase Trypsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase

 

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Endocrine secretions are hormones (pass directly into the blood stream). They are: Insulin - which is necessary to get glucose into the cells, lowering blood glucose Glucogon - which increases blood glucose

 

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Secretions coming directly from the intestinal walls include the enzymes: Sucrase Lactase Aminopeptidase Nucleotidases and Nucleosidases

 

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