Vitamins can be thought of as organic catalysts.

 

 

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Vitamins were named because they were thought to be essential and contain amines (vital amines), but that was in error.

Suffice it to say that they are organic compounds, needed in tiny quantities.

 

 

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Fat soluble vitamins are Vitamins A, D, E and K.

As fat soluble, there is some storage in the fat in the body.

 

 

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Water Soluble Vitamins are Vitamin C and the B-Complex Vitamins

The B-Complex Vitamins are:

  
 

Thiamine

Vitamin B1
 

Riboflavin

Vitamin B2
 

Pyridoxine

Vitamin B6
 

Cyanocobalamine

Vitamin B12
 

Niacin

  
 

Folic Acid

  
 

Choline

  
 

Pantothenic Acid

  
     

 

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Vitamin A comes from carotene in plants. It is necessary for good eye sight, to prevent night blindness, and to keep epithelial cells healthy. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent lots of things, like abnormal reproduction, increased susceptibility to infection, bone malformation, and lots, lots more.

Chemically, it is retinol.

 

 

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Vitamin D is formed by Sunshine on the skin.

It is necessary to use Ca and P to form strong bones.

 

 

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Vitamin E interacts with selenium; it protects membranes. It prevents white muscle disease and muscular dystrophy, among other things.

 

 

 

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Vitamin K is necessary for the blood to clot.

The synthetic form is menadione

 

 

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The B-Complex vitamins are all involved in the intermediary metabolism in the body, i.e., to utilize energy and to form molecules like fatty acids and amino acids that form protein.

The vitamins in this group are shown in the B-Vitamin table.

 

 

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Vitamin C prevents scurvy

It is needed by man and guinea pigs and few other animals.

 

 

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Essential but toxic elements include:

Se
I
Mo
F
Cu

 

 

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Of course there are many toxic elements. Some that are not essential that cause problems from time to time include Mercury (Hg), Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb), Strontium (Sr), Plutonium (Pu), Cadmium (Cd).

 

 

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  1. Part of structural components
  2. Acid-base balance and osmotic balance (water level in cells and tissues)
  3. Activation of enzymes

 

 

 

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Calcium and Phosphorus are the main minerals in the bones. A shortage of either or an imbalanceof them results in rickets.

 

 

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Magnesium prevents Grass Tetany.

 

 

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We get sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) from salt. We need sodium in the diet. Potassium is usually present in enough quantity in feeds (but not always).

All three are involved in osmotic balance in the body.

 

 

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Sulfur is needed as part of the amino acid methionine.

(Add methionine, not sulfur, to diets of non-ruminants.

 

 

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Mn prevents perosis (slipped tendon)

 

 

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Iron (Fe) is part of hemoglobin, so prevents anemia.

 

 

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Copper (Cu) is necessary to use iron, so Fe deficiency anemia would result in a deficiency of Cu.

We sometimes use high levels (250 ppm) in pigs to get an antibiotic-like growth response.

 

 

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Iodine (I) prevents goiter (a growth in the neck from enlarged thyroid gland).

 

 

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Zinc (Zn) prevents parakeratosis, a skin condition that accompanies slow growth.

 

 

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Cobalt (Co) is part of Vitamin B12

 

 

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Selenium interacts with Vitamin E. It is essential and prevents sudden death in young pigs. It helps protect membranes as does Vit E.

 

 

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Molybdenum and Fluoride are both toxic, though required in minute amounts. From an animal nutrition point of view, we are only concerned with their toxicity.

Fluoride is beneficial in small amounts to humans to prevent tooth decay.

 

 

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Chromium (Cr) is needed in minute amounts for carbohydrate metabolism. It has been proposed to improve leanness in pigs, but more research will verify or dispute this claim.

 

 

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It is imperative that we follow regulations.

 

 

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